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- By Mitchell Aboulafia, Frederick Adams, Marilyn McCord Adams, Robert M. Adams, Laird Addis, James W. Allard, David Allison, William P. Alston, Karl Ameriks, C. Anthony Anderson, David Leech Anderson, Lanier Anderson, Roger Ariew, David Armstrong, Denis G. Arnold, E. J. Ashworth, Margaret Atherton, Robin Attfield, Bruce Aune, Edward Wilson Averill, Jody Azzouni, Kent Bach, Andrew Bailey, Lynne Rudder Baker, Thomas R. Baldwin, Jon Barwise, George Bealer, William Bechtel, Lawrence C. Becker, Mark A. Bedau, Ernst Behler, José A. Benardete, Ermanno Bencivenga, Jan Berg, Michael Bergmann, Robert L. Bernasconi, Sven Bernecker, Bernard Berofsky, Rod Bertolet, Charles J. Beyer, Christian Beyer, Joseph Bien, Joseph Bien, Peg Birmingham, Ivan Boh, James Bohman, Daniel Bonevac, Laurence BonJour, William J. Bouwsma, Raymond D. Bradley, Myles Brand, Richard B. Brandt, Michael E. Bratman, Stephen E. Braude, Daniel Breazeale, Angela Breitenbach, Jason Bridges, David O. Brink, Gordon G. Brittan, Justin Broackes, Dan W. Brock, Aaron Bronfman, Jeffrey E. Brower, Bartosz Brozek, Anthony Brueckner, Jeffrey Bub, Lara Buchak, Otavio Bueno, Ann E. Bumpus, Robert W. Burch, John Burgess, Arthur W. Burks, Panayot Butchvarov, Robert E. Butts, Marina Bykova, Patrick Byrne, David Carr, Noël Carroll, Edward S. Casey, Victor Caston, Victor Caston, Albert Casullo, Robert L. Causey, Alan K. L. Chan, Ruth Chang, Deen K. Chatterjee, Andrew Chignell, Roderick M. Chisholm, Kelly J. Clark, E. J. Coffman, Robin Collins, Brian P. Copenhaver, John Corcoran, John Cottingham, Roger Crisp, Frederick J. Crosson, Antonio S. Cua, Phillip D. Cummins, Martin Curd, Adam Cureton, Andrew Cutrofello, Stephen Darwall, Paul Sheldon Davies, Wayne A. Davis, Timothy Joseph Day, Claudio de Almeida, Mario De Caro, Mario De Caro, John Deigh, C. F. Delaney, Daniel C. Dennett, Michael R. DePaul, Michael Detlefsen, Daniel Trent Devereux, Philip E. Devine, John M. Dillon, Martin C. Dillon, Robert DiSalle, Mary Domski, Alan Donagan, Paul Draper, Fred Dretske, Mircea Dumitru, Wilhelm Dupré, Gerald Dworkin, John Earman, Ellery Eells, Catherine Z. Elgin, Berent Enç, Ronald P. Endicott, Edward Erwin, John Etchemendy, C. Stephen Evans, Susan L. Feagin, Solomon Feferman, Richard Feldman, Arthur Fine, Maurice A. Finocchiaro, William FitzPatrick, Richard E. Flathman, Gvozden Flego, Richard Foley, Graeme Forbes, Rainer Forst, Malcolm R. Forster, Daniel Fouke, Patrick Francken, Samuel Freeman, Elizabeth Fricker, Miranda Fricker, Michael Friedman, Michael Fuerstein, Richard A. Fumerton, Alan Gabbey, Pieranna Garavaso, Daniel Garber, Jorge L. A. Garcia, Robert K. Garcia, Don Garrett, Philip Gasper, Gerald Gaus, Berys Gaut, Bernard Gert, Roger F. Gibson, Cody Gilmore, Carl Ginet, Alan H. Goldman, Alvin I. Goldman, Alfonso Gömez-Lobo, Lenn E. Goodman, Robert M. Gordon, Stefan Gosepath, Jorge J. E. Gracia, Daniel W. Graham, George A. Graham, Peter J. Graham, Richard E. Grandy, I. Grattan-Guinness, John Greco, Philip T. Grier, Nicholas Griffin, Nicholas Griffin, David A. Griffiths, Paul J. Griffiths, Stephen R. Grimm, Charles L. Griswold, Charles B. Guignon, Pete A. Y. Gunter, Dimitri Gutas, Gary Gutting, Paul Guyer, Kwame Gyekye, Oscar A. Haac, Raul Hakli, Raul Hakli, Michael Hallett, Edward C. Halper, Jean Hampton, R. James Hankinson, K. R. Hanley, Russell Hardin, Robert M. Harnish, William Harper, David Harrah, Kevin Hart, Ali Hasan, William Hasker, John Haugeland, Roger Hausheer, William Heald, Peter Heath, Richard Heck, John F. Heil, Vincent F. Hendricks, Stephen Hetherington, Francis Heylighen, Kathleen Marie Higgins, Risto Hilpinen, Harold T. Hodes, Joshua Hoffman, Alan Holland, Robert L. Holmes, Richard Holton, Brad W. Hooker, Terence E. Horgan, Tamara Horowitz, Paul Horwich, Vittorio Hösle, Paul Hoβfeld, Daniel Howard-Snyder, Frances Howard-Snyder, Anne Hudson, Deal W. Hudson, Carl A. Huffman, David L. Hull, Patricia Huntington, Thomas Hurka, Paul Hurley, Rosalind Hursthouse, Guillermo Hurtado, Ronald E. Hustwit, Sarah Hutton, Jonathan Jenkins Ichikawa, Harry A. Ide, David Ingram, Philip J. Ivanhoe, Alfred L. Ivry, Frank Jackson, Dale Jacquette, Joseph Jedwab, Richard Jeffrey, David Alan Johnson, Edward Johnson, Mark D. Jordan, Richard Joyce, Hwa Yol Jung, Robert Hillary Kane, Tomis Kapitan, Jacquelyn Ann K. Kegley, James A. Keller, Ralph Kennedy, Sergei Khoruzhii, Jaegwon Kim, Yersu Kim, Nathan L. King, Patricia Kitcher, Peter D. Klein, E. D. Klemke, Virginia Klenk, George L. Kline, Christian Klotz, Simo Knuuttila, Joseph J. Kockelmans, Konstantin Kolenda, Sebastian Tomasz Kołodziejczyk, Isaac Kramnick, Richard Kraut, Fred Kroon, Manfred Kuehn, Steven T. Kuhn, Henry E. Kyburg, John Lachs, Jennifer Lackey, Stephen E. Lahey, Andrea Lavazza, Thomas H. Leahey, Joo Heung Lee, Keith Lehrer, Dorothy Leland, Noah M. Lemos, Ernest LePore, Sarah-Jane Leslie, Isaac Levi, Andrew Levine, Alan E. Lewis, Daniel E. Little, Shu-hsien Liu, Shu-hsien Liu, Alan K. L. Chan, Brian Loar, Lawrence B. Lombard, John Longeway, Dominic McIver Lopes, Michael J. Loux, E. J. Lowe, Steven Luper, Eugene C. Luschei, William G. Lycan, David Lyons, David Macarthur, Danielle Macbeth, Scott MacDonald, Jacob L. Mackey, Louis H. Mackey, Penelope Mackie, Edward H. Madden, Penelope Maddy, G. B. Madison, Bernd Magnus, Pekka Mäkelä, Rudolf A. Makkreel, David Manley, William E. Mann (W.E.M.), Vladimir Marchenkov, Peter Markie, Jean-Pierre Marquis, Ausonio Marras, Mike W. Martin, A. P. Martinich, William L. McBride, David McCabe, Storrs McCall, Hugh J. McCann, Robert N. McCauley, John J. McDermott, Sarah McGrath, Ralph McInerny, Daniel J. McKaughan, Thomas McKay, Michael McKinsey, Brian P. McLaughlin, Ernan McMullin, Anthonie Meijers, Jack W. Meiland, William Jason Melanson, Alfred R. Mele, Joseph R. Mendola, Christopher Menzel, Michael J. Meyer, Christian B. Miller, David W. Miller, Peter Millican, Robert N. Minor, Phillip Mitsis, James A. Montmarquet, Michael S. Moore, Tim Moore, Benjamin Morison, Donald R. Morrison, Stephen J. Morse, Paul K. Moser, Alexander P. D. Mourelatos, Ian Mueller, James Bernard Murphy, Mark C. Murphy, Steven Nadler, Jan Narveson, Alan Nelson, Jerome Neu, Samuel Newlands, Kai Nielsen, Ilkka Niiniluoto, Carlos G. Noreña, Calvin G. Normore, David Fate Norton, Nikolaj Nottelmann, Donald Nute, David S. Oderberg, Steve Odin, Michael O’Rourke, Willard G. Oxtoby, Heinz Paetzold, George S. Pappas, Anthony J. Parel, Lydia Patton, R. P. Peerenboom, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Adriaan T. Peperzak, Derk Pereboom, Jaroslav Peregrin, Glen Pettigrove, Philip Pettit, Edmund L. Pincoffs, Andrew Pinsent, Robert B. Pippin, Alvin Plantinga, Louis P. Pojman, Richard H. Popkin, John F. Post, Carl J. Posy, William J. Prior, Richard Purtill, Michael Quante, Philip L. Quinn, Philip L. Quinn, Elizabeth S. Radcliffe, Diana Raffman, Gerard Raulet, Stephen L. Read, Andrews Reath, Andrew Reisner, Nicholas Rescher, Henry S. Richardson, Robert C. Richardson, Thomas Ricketts, Wayne D. Riggs, Mark Roberts, Robert C. Roberts, Luke Robinson, Alexander Rosenberg, Gary Rosenkranz, Bernice Glatzer Rosenthal, Adina L. Roskies, William L. Rowe, T. M. Rudavsky, Michael Ruse, Bruce Russell, Lilly-Marlene Russow, Dan Ryder, R. M. Sainsbury, Joseph Salerno, Nathan Salmon, Wesley C. Salmon, Constantine Sandis, David H. Sanford, Marco Santambrogio, David Sapire, Ruth A. Saunders, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord, Charles Sayward, James P. Scanlan, Richard Schacht, Tamar Schapiro, Frederick F. Schmitt, Jerome B. Schneewind, Calvin O. Schrag, Alan D. Schrift, George F. Schumm, Jean-Loup Seban, David N. Sedley, Kenneth Seeskin, Krister Segerberg, Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Dennis M. Senchuk, James F. Sennett, William Lad Sessions, Stewart Shapiro, Tommie Shelby, Donald W. Sherburne, Christopher Shields, Roger A. Shiner, Sydney Shoemaker, Robert K. Shope, Kwong-loi Shun, Wilfried Sieg, A. John Simmons, Robert L. Simon, Marcus G. Singer, Georgette Sinkler, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Matti T. Sintonen, Lawrence Sklar, Brian Skyrms, Robert C. Sleigh, Michael Anthony Slote, Hans Sluga, Barry Smith, Michael Smith, Robin Smith, Robert Sokolowski, Robert C. Solomon, Marta Soniewicka, Philip Soper, Ernest Sosa, Nicholas Southwood, Paul Vincent Spade, T. L. S. Sprigge, Eric O. Springsted, George J. Stack, Rebecca Stangl, Jason Stanley, Florian Steinberger, Sören Stenlund, Christopher Stephens, James P. Sterba, Josef Stern, Matthias Steup, M. A. Stewart, Leopold Stubenberg, Edith Dudley Sulla, Frederick Suppe, Jere Paul Surber, David George Sussman, Sigrún Svavarsdóttir, Zeno G. Swijtink, Richard Swinburne, Charles C. Taliaferro, Robert B. Talisse, John Tasioulas, Paul Teller, Larry S. Temkin, Mark Textor, H. S. Thayer, Peter Thielke, Alan Thomas, Amie L. Thomasson, Katherine Thomson-Jones, Joshua C. Thurow, Vzalerie Tiberius, Terrence N. Tice, Paul Tidman, Mark C. Timmons, William Tolhurst, James E. Tomberlin, Rosemarie Tong, Lawrence Torcello, Kelly Trogdon, J. D. Trout, Robert E. Tully, Raimo Tuomela, John Turri, Martin M. Tweedale, Thomas Uebel, Jennifer Uleman, James Van Cleve, Harry van der Linden, Peter van Inwagen, Bryan W. Van Norden, René van Woudenberg, Donald Phillip Verene, Samantha Vice, Thomas Vinci, Donald Wayne Viney, Barbara Von Eckardt, Peter B. M. Vranas, Steven J. Wagner, William J. Wainwright, Paul E. Walker, Robert E. Wall, Craig Walton, Douglas Walton, Eric Watkins, Richard A. Watson, Michael V. Wedin, Rudolph H. Weingartner, Paul Weirich, Paul J. Weithman, Carl Wellman, Howard Wettstein, Samuel C. Wheeler, Stephen A. White, Jennifer Whiting, Edward R. Wierenga, Michael Williams, Fred Wilson, W. Kent Wilson, Kenneth P. Winkler, John F. Wippel, Jan Woleński, Allan B. Wolter, Nicholas P. Wolterstorff, Rega Wood, W. Jay Wood, Paul Woodruff, Alison Wylie, Gideon Yaffe, Takashi Yagisawa, Yutaka Yamamoto, Keith E. Yandell, Xiaomei Yang, Dean Zimmerman, Günter Zoller, Catherine Zuckert, Michael Zuckert, Jack A. Zupko (J.A.Z.)
- Edited by Robert Audi, University of Notre Dame, Indiana
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
- Published online:
- 05 August 2015
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- 27 April 2015, pp ix-xxx
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A NEW GENUS OF EURYTOMIDAE (CHALCIDOIDEA: EURYTOMIDAE, AXIMINAE) FROM BRAZIL
- Carl M. Yoshimoto, Gary A. P. Gibson
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 111 / Issue 4 / April 1979
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2012, pp. 421-424
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An interesting, highly unusual chalcidoid wasp was found recently for Dr. L. Masner in material collected for him by Mr. F. M. Oliveira from Brazil. This unique specimen proved to belong to an undescribed genus in the subfamily Aximinae of the family Eurytomidae. It keys to the genera Axima Walker and Conoaxima Brues in Burks’ (1971) key to the genera of Eurytomidae, but differs in a number of morphological characters discussed below.
The structure and sculpture of this unique female specimen are illustrated by scanning electron photographs, the wings and antennae by macrophotography.
DEDA, A NEW GENUS OF SAWFLIES FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: SYMPHYTA, TENTHREDINIDAE)
- Gary A. P. Gibson
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 112 / Issue 3 / 01 March 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2012, pp. 249-258
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The genus Deda (Tenthredinidae: Tenthredininae) is newly described for D. ferula n. sp., Macrophya annulipes Cresson, and Sciapteryx coquilletti Rohwer. A key to species is given and the genus is compared with similar genera of Tenthredininae.
REDESCRIPTION OF TETRACYCLOS BOREIOS (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), WITH A DISCUSSION OF ITS PLACEMENT AND STRUCTURE
- Gary A. P. Gibson, Carl M. Yoshimoto
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- Journal:
- The Canadian Entomologist / Volume 113 / Issue 10 / October 1981
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2012, pp. 873-881
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Tetracyclos boreios Kryger is redescribed and illustrated, and its placement within the family Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea) confirmed. The peculiar mechanism of movement of thoracic sclerites is described; this is compared with that of other Encyrtidae and Eupelmidae (Chalcidoidea), and its possible biological significance is discussed.
The Cellular Basis of Delirium and Its Relevance to Age-Related Disorders Including Alzheimer's Disease
- Gary E. Gibson, John P. Blass, Hsueh-Meei Huang, Gary B. Freeman
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- Journal:
- International Psychogeriatrics / Volume 3 / Issue 2 / December 1991
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 January 2005, pp. 373-395
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A wide variety of conditions lead to delirium (i.e., metabolic encephalopathies) in human beings and animals. Despite the varied etiology the clinical consequences are relatively stereotyped which suggests that the diverse insults that cause delirium may act by common metabolic and cellular “final pathways.” Related molecular and cellular mechanisms may be involved in aging and Alzheimer's disease, conditions that predispose to the development of delirium. Animal models of delirium better reflect age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease than those that impair a single neurotransmitter system such as the cholinergic system; the metabolic encephalopathies produce global cognitive disturbance, which is more typical of these disorders. Thus, research related to delirium has far-reaching implications for normal and abnormal brain function.
PHYLOGENY AND CLASSIFICATION OF EUPELMIDAE, WITH A REVISION OF THE WORLD GENERA OF CALOSOTINAE AND METAPELMATINAE (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDOIDEA)
- Gary A. P. Gibson
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- Journal:
- The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada / Volume 121 / Issue S149 / 1989
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2012, pp. 3-121
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- 1989
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Three subfamilies are classified in Eupelmidae: Calosotinae Bouček, Eupelminae Walker, and Metapelmatinae Bouček. Diagnoses of these three subfamilies and of Tanaostigmatidae are given, together with a key to distinguish members from each other and from other Chalcidoidea. Genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae are revised for the world, with a key to genera given for both subfamilies. For each genus the following is provided: synonymy, description of structural features of males and females, notes on distribution and hosts, available keys to species listed by biogeographic region, and a catalog of species. New generic combinations are made in the catalogs of species based on examination of type specimens of the species. Eight genera are included in Calosotinae [type species in brackets]: Archaeopelma gen.nov. [A. tropeotergum sp.nov.], Licrooides gen.nov. [L. umbilicatus sp.nov.], Paraeusandalum gen.nov. [P. chilense sp.nov.], Eusandalum Ratzeburg, Chirolophus Haliday, Calosota Curtis, Balcha Walker, and Tanythorax gen.nov. [T. spinosus sp.nov.]. Four genera are included in Metapelmatinae: Metapelma Westwood, Neanastatus Girault, Eopelma gen.nov. [E. mystax sp.nov.], and Lambdobregma gen.nov. [L. schwarzii (Ashmead) comb.nov.]. The following are proposed as new synonymies: Notosandalum De Santis and Exosandalum Bouček = Eusandalum Ratzeburg, and Metacalosoter Masi = Calosota Curtis. Eighteen structural features of adults of the three eupelmid subfamilies, and of other Chalcidoidea including Tanaostigmatidae, Encyrtidae, Aphelinidae, and Pteromalidae, are studied to delimit character states and determine their distribution among the higher taxa. Twenty-two additional features of adults of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae are studied for supplemental evidence of relationships among the genera in these two subfamilies. Observed character-state distributions are used to postulate character polarity and homoplastic states, and hypotheses of monophyly and relationships among taxa are based on proposed synapomorphic states. Aphelinidae sensu lato (including the subfamily Eriaporinae) are indicated as either a paraphyletic or polyphyletic taxon if the Eriaporinae are included but the Signiphoridae are excluded. Tanaostigmatidae sensu lato (including the genus Cynipencyrtus Ishii) are indicated as the sister group of Encyrtidae based on a relatively long mesoscutal process for the muscle pl2–t2c, and structure of the articulation between the mesoscutum and scutellar-axillar complex. The genus Cynipencyrtus Ishii is indicated to be most closely related to Encyrtidae based on common possession of transverse axillae and mesotibial apical pegs. Possible relationships among Calosotinae, Metapelmatinae, and Eupelminae, and among these and Tanaostigmatidae + Encyrtidae remain unresolved. There are no derived character states unique to either Eupelmidae, or Eupelmidae + (Tanaostigmatidae + Encyrtidae), so that these taxa and relationships are not definitively supported as monophyletic. Eupelmidae may represent a grade-level taxon with membership determined by similar suites of apomorphic states that function to enhance jumping ability. Cladograms are used to illustrate alternate hypotheses of character-state evolution and relationships among the genera of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae. Distribution of character states for the higher taxa and for each genus of Calosotinae and Metapelmatinae is summarized in two tables. Scanning electron photomicrographs are used to illustrate structural features.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS MACROPHYA DAHLBOM (HYMENOPTERA: SYMPHYTA, TENTHREDINIDAE) OF NORTH AMERICA
- Gary A. P. Gibson
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- Journal:
- The Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada / Volume 112 / Issue S114 / 1980
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 31 May 2012, pp. 5-167
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- 1980
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The species of the genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Tenthredininae) of North America are revised. Forty-six species and two subgenera are recognized, Macrophya s. str. with 45 species, and Pseudomacrophya Enslin with a single species. The subgenus Paramacrophya Forsius is newly synonymized with Macrophya s. str. Eleven species are described as new: amediata, epinolineata, macgillivrayi, masneri, masoni, mensa, nirvana, phylacida, senacca, serratalineata, and smithi; and the following new synonymy proposed: albomaculata (Norton) = contaminata Provancher, errans Rohwer, and fuscoterminata Rohwer; bifasciata (Say) = pulcherrima Kirby; cassandra Kirby = albilabris Harrington, bellula MacGillivray, and externiformis Rohwer; flavolineata (Norton) = confusa MacGillivray, crassicornis Provancher, (?) lineata Norton, and proximata Norton; flicta MacGillivray = fistula MacGillivray; fuliginea Norton = castanea Rohwer; fumator Norton = pumila Norton, and subviolacea Cresson; mixta MacGillivray = bilineata Dyar; nigra (Norton) = minuta MacGillivray; oregona Cresson = obaerata MacGillivray, and oregona var. dukiae Ross; pannosa (Say) = flaccida MacGillivray, and raui Rohwer; pulchella (Klug) = albifacies Kirby, dyari Rohwer, ornata MacGillivray, and trosula (Norton); pulchelliformis Rohwer = sambuci Rohwer; trisyllaba (Norton) = zonalis Norton; and varia (Norton) = fascialis Norton, and fascialis var. puella Ross. Macrophya varius var. festana Ross is removed from synonymy with M. varia (Norton) and accorded specific status, and the following species removed from previous synonymy and recognized as valid species: simillima Rohwer from intermedia (Norton); flavolineata (Norton), lineatana Rohwer, and zoe Kirby from pulchella (Klug); and oregona Cresson from pumila Norton. Macrophya dejecta (Norton) is removed from the list of Nearctic species, and is removed from synonymy with M. cinctula (Norton) but synonymized with the Palearctic species M. ligata (Müller). Macrophya annulipes Cresson and M. coquilletti (Rohwer) are considered to belong to an undescribed genus and are excluded from Macrophya; and Allantus cestus Say, and the fossiliferous species Macrophya pervetusta Brues, are considered as unrecognized taxa of Tenthredinidae. Neotypes are designated for Allantus intermedius Norton and A. epinotus Say, and lectotypes designated where necessary. The limits of the genus and subgenera are discussed, and the Palearctic and Nearctic faunas compared through species-groups. Keys to the males and females are given, all species described, and the taxonomic characters used to separate the Nearctic species illustrated in figures taken by electron photography and microphotography.